Chapter 24 Nutrition Metabolism And Body Temperature Regulation Test Answers


  • A food diary is more detailed: It involves writing down what you eat and drink for at least 3 days including one weekend day. Many smartphone apps and online programs are available to help you track your intake. To get the most out of your recall or...
    Link: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3755824/


  • If possible, measure or weigh out your portions for more exact amounts. Identify where and when you ate—whether it was in your car, at home, at a restaurant, or even at your desk. This will give some insight into your eating habits and...
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  • However, if your body fat exceeds military standards , you probably need to lose weight. Under-fueling or over-fueling can be detrimental to your mission readiness and success. What is MyPlate?
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  • The hypothalamus then responds by releasing the right hormones into the bloodstream to balance the body. One example of this is the remarkable ability of a human being to maintain an internal temperature of If the hypothalamus receives a signal that the internal temperature is too high, it will tell the body to sweat. If it receives the signal that the temperature is too cold, the body will create its own heat by shivering. Hormones of the hypothalamus To maintain homeostasis, the hypothalamus is responsible for creating or controlling many hormones in the body. The hypothalamus works with the pituitary gland, which makes and sends other important hormones around the body.
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  • Together, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland control many of the glands that produce hormones of the body, called the endocrine system. This includes the adrenal cortex, gonads, and thyroid. It commands the pituitary gland to either increase or decrease their presence in the body, which is essential for both growing children and fully developed adults. Share on Pinterest The pituitary gland and hypothalamus are connected by function. It can be difficult to distinguish a disorder as hypothalamic or pituitary. A hypothalamic disease is any disorder that prevents the hypothalamus from functioning correctly.
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  • These diseases are very hard to pinpoint and diagnose because the hypothalamus has a wide range of roles in the endocrine system. The hypothalamus also serves the vital purpose of signaling that the pituitary gland should release hormones to the rest of the endocrine system. As it is difficult for doctors to diagnose a specific, incorrectly functioning gland, these disorders are often called hypothalamic-pituitary disorders. In these cases, there are some hormone tests that doctors might prescribe to get to the root of the disorder. Causes and risk factors The most common causes of hypothalamic diseases are injuries to the head that impact the hypothalamus. Surgeries, radiation, and tumors can also cause disease in the hypothalamus. Some hypothalamic diseases have a genetic link to hypothalamic disease. For instance, Kallman syndrome causes hypothalamic problems in children , most noticeably delayed or absent puberty , accompanied by an impaired sense of smell.
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  • Hypothalamus problems also appear to have a genetic link in Prader-Willi Syndrome. This is a condition in which a missing chromosome leads to short stature and hypothalamic dysfunction. Additional causes of hypothalamic disease can include: eating disorders, such as bulimia or anorexia genetic disorders that cause excess iron buildup in the body.
    Link: https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-018-3138-x
  • When Humphry Davy first isolated the pure element using electrolysis in , he named it potassium, which he derived from the word potash. In , the German chemist Martin Klaproth discovered "potash" in the minerals leucite and lepidolite , and realized that "potash" was not a product of plant growth but actually contained a new element, which he proposed calling kali. Potassium is the second least dense metal after lithium. It is a soft solid with a low melting point , and can be easily cut with a knife. Freshly cut potassium is silvery in appearance, but it begins to tarnish toward gray immediately on exposure to air. Because of its low first ionization energy of Chemical Potassium reacts with oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide components in air. With oxygen it forms potassium peroxide.
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  • With water potassium forms potassium hydroxide. The reaction of potassium with water can be violently exothermic , especially since the coproduced hydrogen gas can ignite. Because of this, potassium and the liquid sodium-potassium NaK alloy are potent desiccants , although they are no longer used as such. Three oxides of potassium are well studied: potassium oxide K2O , potassium peroxide K2O2 , and potassium superoxide KO2.
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  • Potassium hydroxide KOH is a strong base. Illustrating its hydrophilic character, as much as 1. KOH reacts readily with carbon dioxide to produce potassium carbonate and in principle could be used to remove traces of the gas from air. Like the closely related sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide reacts with fats to produce soaps. They feature highly polar covalent KC bonds. Examples include benzyl potassium. Potassium intercalates into graphite to give a variety of compounds, including KC8. Isotopes There are 25 known isotopes of potassium, three of which occur naturally: 39 K Naturally occurring 40 K has a half-life of 1. It decays to stable 40 Ca by beta decay The conventional K-Ar dating method depends on the assumption that the rocks contained no argon at the time of formation and that all the subsequent radiogenic argon 40 Ar was quantitatively retained.
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  • Minerals are dated by measurement of the concentration of potassium and the amount of radiogenic 40 Ar that has accumulated. The minerals best suited for dating include biotite , muscovite , metamorphic hornblende , and volcanic feldspar ; whole rock samples from volcanic flows and shallow instrusives can also be dated if they are unaltered. In healthy animals and people, 40 K represents the largest source of radioactivity, greater even than 14 C.
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  • In a human body of 70 kg mass, about 4, nuclei of 40 K decay per second. Potassium is principally created in Type II supernovae via an explosive oxygen-burning process. It makes up about 2. While potash has been used since ancient times, its composition was not understood. Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence that led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in , [8] and Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau was able to prove this difference in Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis.
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  • It is unreactive toward nitrogen and saturated hydrocarbons such as mineral oil or kerosene. Depending on the concentration, the ammonia solutions are blue to yellow, and their electrical conductivity is similar to that of liquid metals. Potassium slowly reacts with ammonia to form KNH 2 , but this reaction is accelerated by minute amounts of transition metal salts. It reacts violently with water see section Precautions below [48] and also reacts with oxygen. Orthoclase potassium feldspar is a common rock-forming mineral.
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  • By the end of this section, you will be able to: Identify the primary functions of blood, its fluid and cellular components, and its characteristics Identify the primary functions of blood in transportation, defense, and maintenance of homeostasis Identify the primary proteins and other solutes present in blood plasma Name the fluid component of blood and the three major types of formed elements, and identify their relative proportions in a blood sample Recall that blood is a connective tissue.
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  • Like all connective tissues, it is made up of cellular elements and an extracellular matrix. The cellular elements—referred to as the formed elements—include red blood cells RBCs , white blood cells WBCs , and cell fragments called platelets. The extracellular matrix, called plasma, makes blood unique among connective tissues because it is fluid. This fluid, which is mostly water, suspends the formed elements and enables them to circulate throughout the body within the cardiovascular system. Functions of Blood The primary function of blood is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to, and remove wastes from, the body cells; but that is only the beginning of the story. The specific functions of blood also include defense, distribution of heat, and maintenance of homeostasis.
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  • This protects the body from further blood loss. Maintenance of Homeostasis Recall that body temperature is regulated via a negative-feedback loop. If you were exercising on a warm day, your rising core body temperature would trigger several homeostatic mechanisms, including increased transport of blood from your core to your body periphery, which is typically cooler. As blood passes through the vessels of the skin, heat would be dissipated to the environment, and the blood returning to your body core would be cooler. In contrast, on a cold day, blood is diverted away from the skin to maintain a warmer body core. In extreme cases, this may result in frostbite. Blood also helps to maintain the chemical balance of the body. Proteins and other compounds in blood act as buffers, which help to regulate the pH of body tissues.
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  • Blood also helps to regulate the water content of body cells. Composition of Blood If you have had blood test, it was likely drawn from a superficial vein in your arm, which was then sent to a lab for analysis. Some of the most common blood tests—for instance, those measuring lipid or glucose levels in plasma—determine which substances are present within blood and in what quantities. Other blood tests check for the composition of the blood itself, including the quantities and types of formed elements. One such test examines hematocrit, which measures the percentage of RBCs erythrocytes in a blood sample. It is performed by spinning the blood sample in a specialized centrifuge, a process that causes the heavier elements suspended within the blood sample to separate from the lightweight, liquid plasma Figure Because the heaviest elements in blood are the erythrocytes, these settle at the bottom of the hematocrit tube.
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  • Located above the erythrocytes is a pale, thin layer composed of the remaining formed elements of blood. These are the WBCs leukocytes and the platelets thrombocytes. This layer is referred to as the buffy coat, and it normally constitutes less than 1 percent of a blood sample. Above the buffy coat is the blood plasma, normally a pale, straw-colored fluid, which constitutes the remainder of the sample.
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  • The same principle applies to blood. Although, the surface of blood vessels is relatively smooth blood experiences friction and resistance as it flows. This produces heat, accounting for the slightly higher temperature of blood. The pH of blood averages about 7. Blood is therefore somewhat more basic alkaline on a chemical scale than pure water, which has a pH of 7. Blood contains numerous buffers that help to regulate pH. Blood constitutes approximately 8 percent of adult body weight. Adult males typically average about liters of blood, and females average 4—5 liters. Dissolved or suspended within this water is a mixture of substances, most of which are proteins.
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  • There are hundreds of substances dissolved in the plasma, although many of them are found only in very small quantities. External Website Visit this site for a list of normal levels established for many of the substances found in a sample of blood. Serum, one of the specimen types included, refers to a sample of plasma after clotting factors have been removed. What types of measurements are given for levels of glucose in the blood? Plasma Proteins Approximately 7 percent of the plasma that is not water is made of proteins. These include several plasma proteins proteins that are unique to the plasma , plus a much smaller number of regulatory proteins, including enzymes and hormones. The major components of plasma are summarized in Figure The three major groups of plasma proteins are as follows: Albumin is the most abundant of the plasma proteins.
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  • Manufactured by the liver, albumin molecules serve as binding proteins—transport vehicles for fatty acids and steroid hormones. Recall that lipids are hydrophobic; however, binding to albumin enables their transport in the watery plasma. Albumin is also the most significant contributor to the osmotic pressure of blood; that is, its presence holds water inside the blood vessels and draws water from the tissues, across blood vessel walls, and into the bloodstream. This in turn helps to maintain both blood volume and blood pressure. Albumin normally accounts for approximately 54 percent of the total plasma protein content, or 3. The second most common plasma proteins are the globulins. A heterogeneous group, there are three main subgroups known as alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. The alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the cells; like albumin, they also contribute to osmotic pressure.
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