Chapter 6 Skills For Healthy Relationships Test Answers


  • These goals represent the lifelong benefits of health-enhancing physical education that enable children and adolescents to become active adults throughout their lives. This goal dictates a learning environment in which seated learning behavior is...
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  • As noted, its goal and place in institutionalized education have changed from the original focus on teaching hygiene and health to educating children about the many forms and benefits of physical movement, including sports and exercise. With a...
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  • Movement Education Movement has been a cornerstone of physical education since the s. Exemplary works and curriculum descriptions include those by Laban himself Laban, and others e. Over time, however, the approach shifted from concern with the inner attitude of the mover to a focus on the function and application of each movement Abels and Bridges, In the s, the intent of movement education was to apply four movement concepts to the three domains of learning i. The four concepts were body representing the instrument of the action ; space where the body is moving ; effort the quality with which the movement is executed ; and relationships the connections that occur as the body moves—with objects, people, and the environment; Stevens-Smith, These standards emphasize the need for children to know basic movement concepts and be able to perform basic movement patterns. It is imperative for physical educators to foster motor success and to provide children with a basic skill set that builds their movement repertoire, thus allowing them to engage in various forms of games, sports, and other physical activities see also Chapter 3.
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  • Sport Education One prevalent physical education model is the sport education curriculum designed by Daryl Siedentop Siedentop, ; Siedentop et al. The model entails a unique instructional structure featuring sport seasons that are used as the basis for planning and teaching instructional units. Students are organized into sport organizations teams and play multiple roles as team managers, coaches, captains, players, referees, statisticians, public relations staff, and others to mimic a professional sports organization. Depending on the developmental level of students, the games are simplified or modified to encourage maximum participation. In competition, students play the roles noted above in addition to the role of players. A sport education unit thus is much longer than a conventional physical education unit.
    Link: https://akronchildrens.org/departments/Neurology.html
  • Siedentop and colleagues recommend 20 lessons per unit, so that all important curricular components of the model can be implemented. Findings from research on the sport education model have been reviewed twice. In a more recent review, Hastie and colleagues report on emerging evidence suggesting that the model leads to improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness only one study and mixed evidence regarding motor skills development, increased feeling of enjoyment in participation in physical education, increased sense of affiliation with the team and physical education, and positive development of fair-play values. The only study on in-class physical activity using the model showed that it contributed to only Hastie and colleagues caution, however, that because only 6 of 38 studies reviewed used an experimental or quasi-experimental design, the findings must be interpreted with extreme caution. Fitness Education Instead of focusing exclusively on having children move constantly to log activity time, a new curricular approach emphasizes teaching them the science behind why they need to be physically active in their lives.
    Link: https://ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004794
  • The curriculum is designed so that the children are engaged in physical activities that demonstrate relevant scientific knowledge. The goal is the development and maintenance of individual student fitness. The conceptual framework for the model is designed around the health-related components of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility. A recent meta-analysis Lonsdale et al. Several concept-based fitness education curriculum models exist for both the middle school and senior high school levels. Get Fit! Activities in the curriculum are designed for health benefits, and the ultimate goal for the student is to develop a commitment to regular exercise and physical Page Share Cite Suggested Citation:"5 Approaches to Physical Education in Schools.
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  • It is assumed that all children can achieve a health-enhancing level of fitness through regular engagement in vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity. Randomized controlled studies on the impact of a science-based fitness curriculum in 15 elementary schools showed that, although the curriculum allocated substantial lesson time to learning cognitive knowledge, the students were more motivated to engage in physical activities than students in the 15 control schools experiencing traditional physical education Chen et al.
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  • What kind of person would your employer want you to be? And how different would your skills and aptitudes be then, compared to today? Many industries that developed during the s—s, such as health care, publishing, manufacturing, construction, finance, and farming, are still with us today. And the professional abilities, aptitudes, and values required in those industries are many of the same ones employers seek today. For example, in the health care field then, just like today, employers looked for professionals with scientific acumen, active listening skills, a service orientation, oral comprehension abilities, and teamwork skills. And in the financial field then, just like today, employers looked for economics and accounting skills, mathematical reasoning skills, clerical and administrative skills, and deductive reasoning.
    Link: https://youtube.com/channel/UCuTEtGByBImzwgoQydKWxcQ
  • Why is it that with the passage of time and all the changes in the work world, some skills remain unchanged or little changed? The answer might lie in the fact there are are two main types of skills that employers look for: hard skills and soft skills. Hard skills are concrete or objective abilities that you learn and perhaps have mastered. They are skills you can easily quantify, like using a computer, speaking a foreign language, or operating a machine. You might earn a certificate, a college degree, or other credentials that attest to your hard-skill competencies. Obviously, because of changes in technology, the hard skills required by industries today are vastly different from those required centuries ago. Soft skills, on the other hand, are subjective skills that have changed very little over time. Such skills might pertain to the way you relate to people, or the way you think, or the ways in which you behave—for example, listening attentively, working well in groups, and speaking clearly.
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  • Indeed, if you had a time machine, you could probably transfer your soft skills from one time period to another! What Employers Want in an Employee Employers want individuals who have the necessary hard and soft skills to do the job well and adapt to changes in the workplace. An employer might rather hire an inexperienced worker who can pay close attention to details than an experienced worker who might cause problems on a work team. In this section, we look at ways of identifying and building particular hard and soft skills that will be necessary for your career path. We also explain how to use your time and resources wisely to acquire critical skills for your career goals. The table below lists four resources to help you determine which concrete skills are needed for all kinds of professions. You can even discover where you might gain some of the skills and which courses you might take. Spend some time reviewing each resource. You will find many interesting and exciting options.
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  • Define self-esteem and explain how it is measured by social psychologists. Explore findings indicating diversity in self-esteem in relation to culture, gender, and age. Provide examples of ways that people attempt to increase and maintain their self-esteem. Outline the benefits of having high self-esteem. Review the limits of self-esteem, with a focus on the negative aspects of narcissism. As we have noted in our discussions of the self-concept, our sense of self is partly determined by our cognition. However, our view of ourselves is also the product of our affect, in other words how we feel about ourselves. Just as we explored in Chapter 2, cognition and affect are inextricably linked.
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  • When we have failed, done something harmful, or feel that we have been ignored or criticized, the negative aspects of the self-concept are more accessible and we experience low self-esteem. Self-esteem can be measured using both explicit and implicit measures, and both approaches find that most people tend to view themselves positively. Higher scores on the scale indicate higher self-esteem. Figure 3. R Note. R denotes an item that should be reverse scored. Subtract your response on these items from 5 before calculating the total. Data are from Rosenberg Society and the adolescent self-image. An interesting finding in many samples from the Western world, particularly in North America, is that the average score is often significantly higher than the mid-point.
    Link: https://youtube.com/watch?v=bqwUxN6mgGQ
  • The observed scores on the Rosenberg scale may be somewhat inflated because people naturally try to make themselves look as if they have very high self-esteem—maybe they lie a bit to the experimenters to make themselves look better than they really are and perhaps to make themselves feel better. If this the case, then we might expect to find average levels of reported self-esteem to be lower in cultures where having high self-worth is less of a priority.
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  • This is indeed what has generally been found. Heine and Lehman reported that Japanese participants living in Japan showed, on average, moderate levels of self-esteem, normally distributed around the scale mid-point. Many other studies have shown that people in Eastern, collectivistic cultures report significantly lower self-esteem than those from more Western, individualistic ones Campbell et al. Do, then, such differences reflect these different cultural priorities and pressures, or could it be that they reflect genuine differences in actual self-esteem levels?
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  • There are no easy answers here, of course, but there are some findings from studies, using different methods of measuring self-esteem, that may shed some light on this issue. Indirect measures of self-esteem have been created—measures that may provide a more accurate picture of the self-concept because they are less influenced by the desire to make a positive impression. Participants worked at a computer and were presented with a series of words, each of which they were to categorize in one of two ways.
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  • Furthermore, there were also meaningful differences among people in the speed of responding, suggesting that the measure captured some individual variation in implicit self-esteem. A number of studies have since explored cross-cultural differences in implicit self-esteem and have not found the same differences observed on explicit measures like the Rosenberg scale Yamaguchi et al. Does this mean that we can conclude that the lower scores on self-report measures observed in members of collectivistic cultures are more apparent than real? Nevertheless, values such as modesty may be less prioritized in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic ones, which may in turn reflect differences in reported self-esteem levels. Indeed, Cai and colleagues found that differences in explicit self-esteem between Chinese and American participants were explained by cultural differences in modesty.
    Link: https://youtube.com/watch?v=sQD9r0BRzqw

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